Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme critical for cellular energy metabolism that declines with age. NAD+ precursors like NMN and NR are studied as longevity interventions.

Mechanistic target of rapamycin, a key nutrient-sensing pathway that regulates cell growth and aging. Inhibiting mTOR (e.g., with rapamycin) has shown lifespan extension in multiple organisms.

A class of drugs that selectively eliminate senescent (aged, dysfunctional) cells to reduce inflammation and improve tissue function.

What is Epigenetic clock?

A biomarker based on DNA methylation patterns that estimates biological age, often more predictive of health outcomes than chronological age.

The period of life spent in good health, free from chronic diseases and disability associated with aging.

An immunosuppressant drug that inhibits the mTOR pathway. Research shows rapamycin may extend lifespan and improve age-related health outcomes in multiple species.

What is Biological age?

A measure of how well or poorly your body is functioning relative to your chronological age, assessed through biomarkers such as DNA methylation, telomere length, and blood panels.

What is Caloric restriction?

A dietary regimen that reduces calorie intake without malnutrition. Caloric restriction is one of the most studied interventions shown to extend lifespan across species.

Protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division. Telomere length is associated with aging and age-related diseases.

A state in which cells permanently stop dividing but resist death, accumulating with age and secreting inflammatory factors that damage surrounding tissue.

A second-generation epigenetic clock that predicts time to death and is considered one of the most accurate measures of biological aging.

What is Inflammaging?

Chronic, low-grade inflammation that increases with age and contributes to the development of age-related diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegeneration.

The large-scale study of proteins in biological systems. In longevity research, proteomics identifies blood protein signatures that predict biological age and disease risk.

What is Yamanaka factors?

A set of four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) that can reprogram adult cells to a pluripotent state. Partial reprogramming with Yamanaka factors is being explored to reverse cellular aging.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a precursor to NAD+ that is widely studied as a supplement to boost cellular energy and combat age-related decline.

A gene-editing technology that allows precise modifications to DNA. In longevity research, CRISPR is used to study and potentially modify genes associated with aging.

A cellular housekeeping process where cells break down and recycle damaged components. Declines with age and is stimulated by fasting.

What is Intermittent fasting?

An eating pattern that cycles between periods of fasting and eating. Various protocols (16:8, 5:2) are studied for metabolic, cardiovascular, and longevity benefits.

What is Zone 2 cardio?

Low-intensity aerobic exercise performed at roughly 60–70% of maximum heart rate, primarily using the aerobic energy system. Associated with mitochondrial health and longevity.

Geographic regions identified by researchers where people consistently live longer and healthier lives than average, including Sardinia, Okinawa, and Loma Linda.

Is Metformin a Key to Aging Well?

Researchers have been exploring the potential of metformin, a common medication for type 2 diabetes, as a drug that might help slow aging. While metformin has shown promise in managing metabolic syndrome and diabetes, its effectiveness as a geroprotective agent—meaning it could modestly extend lifespan or improve health in older adults—remains uncertain. Recent evaluations suggest that while metformin can influence certain biological processes related to aging, the evidence from human studies is mixed and not as robust as some had hoped.

For individuals interested in aging well, this means that while metformin may help with blood sugar control, its role in enhancing longevity or reducing the risk of age-related diseases is still being debated. Current trials, like the Targeting Aging with Metformin (TAME) study, aim to assess its effects on age-related conditions in non-diabetic individuals aged 65 to 79. However, results from this significant trial have yet to be published, leading to concerns about potential delays in the research process.

The existing data from trials such as the Metformin and Dietary Restriction to Prevent Age-Related Morbid Events (MeMeMe) trial show that while metformin can significantly reduce the risk of developing diabetes in those with metabolic syndrome, it does not appear to prevent cancer, heart disease, or overall mortality. This suggests that while metformin has its benefits, it may not be the best option for those focused solely on longevity. As research continues, it’s essential to stay informed about the evolving landscape of geroprotective strategies, including the potential of metformin and other interventions.

Source: fightaging.org